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Forthcoming Events

16th & 17th September 2008 :
A Seminar on NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME (NREGS) IN INDIA

A Conference

Organised by:

• Centre de Sciences Humaines
• Institute for Human Development

At

Documents available for reading before the event:
Call for Papers
Concept Note

See the related research programme

19 novembre 2008 Paris :
8e séminaire Jeunes Chercheurs de l'AJEI
Mondes urbains d'Asie du Sud

A Seminar

Attention : the seminar will be in french

Organised by:

• AJEI (Association Jeunes Etudes Indiennes)

At

Documents available for reading before the event:
Call for paper

GAYER Laurent & JAFFRELOT Christophe (eds)
Milices armées d'Asie du Sud : Privatisation de la violence et implication des États
Presses de Sciences Po, Paris, 2008 ISBN: 978-2-7246-1002-4 , 304 pages , 24€

There seems to be no end to the growing number of victims of civil war, guerrilla warfare and military repression on the Indian subcontinent, despite the absence of interstate wars over the past 10 years. These conflicts involve militia of the paramilitary kind, whose ideology, sociology and strategies this book undertakes to unveil.

Very influential in India and Nepal, maoist organizations claim to be revolutionary. But the people they aspire to liberate are more often than not made up of lower castes and tribes, with the result that their guerrilla appear more ethnic than universalist.

They resemble in this aspect national liberation movements whose goal is the political independence of linguistic, religious and tribal communities. However, in Sri Lanka, Kashmir or Myanmar, these groups are also part of movements of national oppression.

This again is the case with nationalist or religious movements in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, where Islamist militia, Hindu nationalists or Sikh militants exercise brutal control over their respective communities by means of a veritable cultural police.

Militia and states share a complex relationship. At times on the way to becoming true states within a State, these militia may equally be instrumentalized by the powers-that-be in order to enforce their authority at the local level.

Laurent Gayer is researcher at the Centre de Sciences Humaines (CSH), New Delhi, and associate researcher at the Centre for Indian and South Asian Studies (CEIAS).
Christophe Jaffrelot is director of research at the CNRS and director of the Centre for International Studies and Research (CERI) at Sciences Po.

Mariam Abou Zahab, Amélie Blom, Gilles Boquérat, Jérémie Codron, Renaud Egreteau, Nicolas Jaoul and Chris Smith have contributed to this volume.

CONTENTS

Introduction
- Laurent Gayer and Christophe Jaffrelot

I: The Maoist Phenomenon

Chapter 1
Naxalites of Bihar: Between Arms and Urns
- Nicolas Jaoul

Chapter 2
Maoism and the Ethnic Factor in Nepal's People's War
- Gilles Boquérat

II: National Liberation Movements?

Chapter 3
The LTTE: A Movement of Liberation and National Oppression
- Chris Smith

Chapter 4
Myanmar's Militia: Between Insurrection and Maintenance of Order
- Renaud Egreteau

III: Politico-religious Movements: Relays of State Power?

Chapter 5
The Hizb-ul Mujahidin of Kashmir, Imaginaries and Clientelism
- Amélie Blom

Chapter 6
The SSP, Herald of Sunni Militancy in Pakistan
- Mariam Abou Zahab

Chapter 7
Islamist Militia in Bangladesh: Symptoms of a Weak State?
- Jérémie Codron

Chapter 8
The Hindutva Brigade and Cultural Policing
- Christophe Jaffrelot

Chapter 9
Militia of Khalistan: Servants and Users of the State
- Laurent Gayer

Conclusion
- Laurent Gayer and Christophe Jaffrelot

HUCHON Agnès, TRICOT Guillaume
Between Citizens and Institutions: The Dynamics of the Integration of Water Supply and Sanitation Services in Hyderabad
CSH Occasional Paper Nº22, New Delhi, 2008 ISSN: 0972-3579 , 135 pages

Abstract

Urban growth in Hyderabad has underscored the need for restructuring urban services, starting with public utilities. What changes are taking place in this sector? Who initiates and implements policies? What is their impact on the public? These questions are addressed in this detailed study of Hyderabad's water supply and sanitation services. The paper focuses on institutional changes with regard to the main service providers - the Hyderabad Metro Water Supply and Sewerage Board and the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad - and provides a critical analysis of restructuring and policies ostensibly aimed at providing uniform service throughout the metropolitan region. In order to evaluate how policies play out on the ground, two distinct areas of the city were selected for field surveys. In this way, the spatial dimension of urban service delivery - including deployment of physical infrastructure networks as well as social infrastructure - was examined in order to analyze the relative integration of a city and to determine the main factors of segregation. The findings dispel a number of conventional ideas about unequal service levels between the old and new parts of the city and between different income groups, and offer a more nuanced explanation for differential access using both social and spatial variables. The paper also addresses the demand side of the water supply and sanitation equation, analyzing the ways in which different categories of users try to improve access or service levels. The authors explore user expectations and the various means deployed to channel grievances, which reveal different modes of democratic interaction between the public and the authorities.

This study contributes to debates surrounding urban governance and decentralization in India's cities. On one hand, it enhances understanding of recent developments in Hyderabad, a city on the forefront of many urban reforms in recent years. On the other hand, its analytical method - combining a macro study of institutional changes on the supply side with field surveys to analyze differential social and spatial access to service and household practices for improving service levels - offers numerous insights that are significant for studies of other metropolitan cities.

Table of Contents

PREFACE BY LORAINE KENNEDY & MARIE HÉLÈNE ZÉRAH

INTRODUCTION

I)POLITICAL WILL TO STANDARDIZE / MODERNIZE THE SERVICE
1.Medium and Long-term Objectives: Rationalizing the Service
a.Infrastructural Requirements
b.Outsourcing of Operations at the Consumers' End
c.Integration of Municipal Services into a Single Entity for the Whole City
d.General Trends in Andhra Pradesh
2.Short-term Objectives: Reinventing the Relationship with Consumers
a.Customer Satisfaction
b.Improvement of Public Image
3.At What Level should the Service be Standardized?
a.Connecting Individual Lines to the Network
b.Sewerage Network
c. Storm Water Drainage

II) TESTING THIS POLICY AT THE LEVEL OF MUNICIPAL WARDS
1.Slight Difference in Service between the Two Sections
2.Old Urban Infrastructure and Economic Dynamism
3.The Special Case of Slums and Underprivileged Localities
4.Inadequate Correlation between Standard of Living and Level of Service
5.Is there Uniform Implementation of Directives from Above by Section 0ffices?

III) RESIDENTS RESORT TO SELF-HELP TO IMPROVE SERVICE
1.Individual Complaints: Differences in Response according to Locality
2.Representation: Need for Intermediaries
a.Neighbourhood Democracy
b.The Municipal Corporator: A Representative of the People and a Partner of the Administration?
3.Arrangements of Residents' Associations: Joint Representation and Common Equipment
a.To Support and Relieve or Substitute Public Authorities?
b.Question of Social Redistribution

CONCLUSION
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LIST OF ANNEXES

The CSH Occasional Papers can be downloaded for free on the CSH website

MENON-CHOUDHARY Deepa, SHUKLA P.R., HOURCADE Jean-Charles & MATHY Sandrine
Aligning Development, Air Quality and Climate Policies for Multiple Dividends
CSH Occasional Paper N°21, New Delhi, 2007 ISSN: 0972-3579 , 95 pages

Abstract

This paper proposes that environment protection should be made complementary to the development process, by aligning different policies that avoid trade-offs and generate multiple dividends during policy implementation. This is especially true for developing countries where crucial development policies with long-term implications are being formulated. There is a good opportunity to align development, local air quality management and climate change policies that both reduces costs and achieves multiple dividends. Empirical evidence, including the Environmental Kuznets’ Curve, shows that, as a country progresses economically, concern develops for the environment due to availability of resources and public pressure. This is found more for local pollutants, while preventing greenhouse gas emissions need conscious policymaking. This approach is reflected in developing countries, where air quality problems are being addressed individually. A more pro-active approach would generate no-regrets options, moving a country on a pathway that prevents local air quality deterioration and is also less carbon-intensive. Since developing countries fear that climate change negotiations can impede development, developed countries should support their move to align policies by directing climate-related as well as public/private flows towards a development-oriented pathway. This would create leverage effects on implementation of domestic policies and help overcome transaction costs. A win-win situation can thus emerge, which addresses the developing countries’ concerns of development and local air quality management along with the global concern for climate change.

Taking India’s case, this paper looks at policies in the planning process incorporating the environmental agenda. The focus is on preventing local air quality deterioration. But, since benefits related to preventing greenhouse gas emissions often lie at the margin, conjoint benefits can be obtained at optimal costs. This paper looks at measures like use of CNG in public transport and development of mass rapid transit systems. Systems like the Metro Rail address congestion problems besides providing suitable means of public transport. Similarly, promoting CNG on environmental grounds would enhance CNG availability for power generation. Research shows opportunities for conjoint mitigation of CO2 and SO2 emissions from the power sector. Adoption of these measures requires conscious attempts by national policymakers, with support in the form of technological and investment flows from developed countries.

Table of Contents

Introduction
1. Inter-linkages between development, climate change and air quality
2. Development and energy use
3. Existing policy approaches of developed and developing countries
4. Case for aligning policies in developing countries
5. Paper structure

I. Economics of Alignment
1. Environmental Kuznets’ Curve
2. No-regrets options
3. Leverage effects of alignment

II. Multiple Dividends from Alignment: Indian Experience
1. Energy and environment profile
2. Existing policies linking development and environment
3. Alternate policies and measures

III. Developing an Architecture for Alignment
1. Policy approaches
2. Shifting towards an environment-friendly pathway
3. Global mechanisms to facilitate alignment, with emphasis on climate change negotiations
4. Some specific policy options

IV. Conclusion

Bibliography

Appendix I: AIM/Local Model

Impact of decentralization on basic urban services in small and medium towns

December 2007 - December 2010

Coordinated by

Remi De Bercegol

This programme is a Ph. D research, aiming to assess the impact of decentralisation in smaller towns, especially regarding the improvement of basic services like drinking water. Various research have dealt with these issues within the CSH in rural areas (research work of G. Kumar) and in large metropolises (APUG research programme) but little attention has been paid to these issues in smaller urban settlements.

The Ph. D director is Sylvy Jaglin, Prof. of Geography at the University of Nantes and Researcher at the Latts, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées in Paris. In the CSH, Marie - Hélène Zérah will co-coordinate this research work. The Ph.D is from the University Paris X and "Laboratoire Techniques, territoires, sociétés" (Ecole nationale des Ponts et chaussées, Paris).

Mechanisms of Multi-level Governance in Emerging Economies. Examining Industrial Policy-Making in India and China

November 1999 - November 1999

Project is being finalised.

Institutional partnerships

Centre d’Études Français sur la Chine contemporaine